Разгледайте Рекурсивни заявки Използване на общи изрази на таблици
declare @EmpID int = 3;
with C as
(
select E.EmployeeId,
E.Name,
E.ManagerId
from YourTable as E
where E.EmployeeId = @EmpID
union all
select E.EmployeeId,
E.Name,
E.ManagerId
from YourTable as E
inner join C
on E.EmployeeId = C.ManagerId
)
select C.Name
from C