Синтаксис на SQL ALTER TABLE – Изброен от СУБД

Тази статия изброява SQL ALTER TABLE синтаксис, както се изпълнява от различни системи за управление на бази данни (СУБД). Синтаксисът е посочен точно както всеки доставчик го е посочил на своя уебсайт. Щракнете върху приложимата връзка, за да видите повече подробности за синтаксиса за конкретен доставчик.

Обхванатите СУБД са MySQL, SQL Server, PostgreSQL и Oracle Database.

MySQL

От Справочното ръководство за MySQL 5.7:

ALTER [IGNORE] TABLE tbl_name
    [alter_specification [, alter_specification] ...]
    [partition_options]

alter_specification:
    table_options
  | ADD [COLUMN] col_name column_definition
        [FIRST | AFTER col_name ]
  | ADD [COLUMN] (col_name column_definition,...)
  | ADD {INDEX|KEY} [index_name]
        [index_type] (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
  | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY
        [index_type] (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
  | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]]
        UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [index_name]
        [index_type] (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
  | ADD FULLTEXT [INDEX|KEY] [index_name]
        (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
  | ADD SPATIAL [INDEX|KEY] [index_name]
        (index_col_name,...) [index_option] ...
  | ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]]
        FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...)
        reference_definition
  | ALGORITHM [=] {DEFAULT|INPLACE|COPY}
  | ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}
  | CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_definition
        [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
  | LOCK [=] {DEFAULT|NONE|SHARED|EXCLUSIVE}
  | MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition
        [FIRST | AFTER col_name]
  | DROP [COLUMN] col_name
  | DROP PRIMARY KEY
  | DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name
  | DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol
  | DISABLE KEYS
  | ENABLE KEYS
  | RENAME [TO|AS] new_tbl_name
  | RENAME {INDEX|KEY} old_index_name TO new_index_name
  | ORDER BY col_name [, col_name] ...
  | CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET charset_name [COLLATE collation_name]
  | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name [COLLATE [=] collation_name]
  | DISCARD TABLESPACE
  | IMPORT TABLESPACE
  | FORCE
  | {WITHOUT|WITH} VALIDATION
  | ADD PARTITION (partition_definition)
  | DROP PARTITION partition_names
  | DISCARD PARTITION {partition_names | ALL} TABLESPACE
  | IMPORT PARTITION {partition_names | ALL} TABLESPACE
  | TRUNCATE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | COALESCE PARTITION number
  | REORGANIZE PARTITION partition_names INTO (partition_definitions)
  | EXCHANGE PARTITION partition_name WITH TABLE tbl_name [{WITH|WITHOUT} VALIDATION]
  | ANALYZE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | CHECK PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | OPTIMIZE PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | REBUILD PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | REPAIR PARTITION {partition_names | ALL}
  | REMOVE PARTITIONING
  | UPGRADE PARTITIONING

index_col_name:
    col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]

index_type:
    USING {BTREE | HASH}

index_option:
    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | index_type
  | WITH PARSER parser_name
  | COMMENT 'string'

table_options:
    table_option [[,] table_option] ...  

table_option:
    ENGINE [=] engine_name
  | AUTO_INCREMENT [=] value
  | AVG_ROW_LENGTH [=] value
  | [DEFAULT] CHARACTER SET [=] charset_name
  | CHECKSUM [=] {0 | 1}
  | [DEFAULT] COLLATE [=] collation_name
  | COMMENT [=] 'string'
  | COMPRESSION [=] {'ZLIB'|'LZ4'|'NONE'}
  | CONNECTION [=] 'connect_string'
  | DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'
  | DELAY_KEY_WRITE [=] {0 | 1}
  | ENCRYPTION [=] {'Y' | 'N'}
  | INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'absolute path to directory'
  | INSERT_METHOD [=] { NO | FIRST | LAST }
  | KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | MAX_ROWS [=] value
  | MIN_ROWS [=] value
  | PACK_KEYS [=] {0 | 1 | DEFAULT}
  | PASSWORD [=] 'string'
  | ROW_FORMAT [=] {DEFAULT|DYNAMIC|FIXED|COMPRESSED|REDUNDANT|COMPACT}
  | STATS_AUTO_RECALC [=] {DEFAULT|0|1}
  | STATS_PERSISTENT [=] {DEFAULT|0|1}
  | STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES [=] value
  | TABLESPACE tablespace_name
  | UNION [=] (tbl_name[,tbl_name]...)

partition_options:
    PARTITION BY
        { [LINEAR] HASH(expr)
        | [LINEAR] KEY [ALGORITHM={1|2}] (column_list)
        | RANGE{(expr) | COLUMNS(column_list)}
        | LIST{(expr) | COLUMNS(column_list)} }
    [PARTITIONS num]
    [SUBPARTITION BY
        { [LINEAR] HASH(expr)
        | [LINEAR] KEY [ALGORITHM={1|2}] (column_list) }
      [SUBPARTITIONS num]
    ]
    [(partition_definition [, partition_definition] ...)]

partition_definition:
    PARTITION partition_name
        [VALUES 
            {LESS THAN {(expr | value_list) | MAXVALUE} 
            | 
            IN (value_list)}]
        [[STORAGE] ENGINE [=] engine_name]
        [COMMENT [=] 'comment_text' ]
        [DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'data_dir']
        [INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'index_dir']
        [MAX_ROWS [=] max_number_of_rows]
        [MIN_ROWS [=] min_number_of_rows]
        [TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name] 
        [(subpartition_definition [, subpartition_definition] ...)]

subpartition_definition:
    SUBPARTITION logical_name
        [[STORAGE] ENGINE [=] engine_name]
        [COMMENT [=] 'comment_text' ]
        [DATA DIRECTORY [=] 'data_dir']
        [INDEX DIRECTORY [=] 'index_dir']
        [MAX_ROWS [=] max_number_of_rows]
        [MIN_ROWS [=] min_number_of_rows]
        [TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name] 

SQL сървър

От справочника за Transact-SQL:

ALTER TABLE [ database_name . [ schema_name ] . | schema_name . ] table_name 
{ 
    ALTER COLUMN column_name 
    { 
        [ type_schema_name. ] type_name [ ( { precision [ , scale ] 
            | max | xml_schema_collection } ) ] 
        [ COLLATE collation_name ] 
        [ NULL | NOT NULL ] [ SPARSE ]

    | {ADD | DROP } 
        { ROWGUIDCOL | PERSISTED | NOT FOR REPLICATION | SPARSE }
    } 
        | [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ]

    | ADD 
    { 
        <column_definition>
      | <computed_column_definition>
      | <table_constraint> 
      | <column_set_definition> 
    } [ ,...n ]

    | DROP 
     {
         [ CONSTRAINT ] 
         { 
              constraint_name 
              [ WITH 
               ( <drop_clustered_constraint_option> [ ,...n ] ) 
              ] 
          } [ ,...n ]
          | COLUMN 
          {
              column_name 
          } [ ,...n ]
     } [ ,...n ]
    | [ WITH { CHECK | NOCHECK } ] { CHECK | NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT 
        { ALL | constraint_name [ ,...n ] } 

    | { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGER 
        { ALL | trigger_name [ ,...n ] }

    | { ENABLE | DISABLE } CHANGE_TRACKING 
        [ WITH ( TRACK_COLUMNS_UPDATED = { ON | OFF } ) ]

    | SWITCH [ PARTITION source_partition_number_expression ]
        TO target_table 
        [ PARTITION target_partition_number_expression ]

    | SET ( FILESTREAM_ON = { partition_scheme_name | filegroup | 
                "default" | "NULL" } )

    | REBUILD 
      [ [PARTITION = ALL]
        [ WITH ( <rebuild_option> [ ,...n ] ) ] 
      | [ PARTITION = partition_number 
           [ WITH ( <single_partition_rebuild_option> [ ,...n ] ) ]
        ]
      ]

    | <table_option>

    | <filetable_option>

}
[ ; ]

Опции

<column_set_definition> ::= 
    column_set_name XML COLUMN_SET FOR ALL_SPARSE_COLUMNS

<drop_clustered_constraint_option> ::=  
    { 
        MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism 
      | ONLINE = {ON | OFF }
      | MOVE TO { partition_scheme_name ( column_name ) | filegroup
          | "default" }
    }
<table_option> ::=
    {
        SET ( LOCK_ESCALATION = { AUTO | TABLE | DISABLE } )
    }

<filetable_option> ::=
    {
       [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } FILETABLE_NAMESPACE ]
       [ SET ( FILETABLE_DIRECTORY = directory_name ) ]
    }
<single_partition_rebuild__option> ::=
{
      SORT_IN_TEMPDB = { ON | OFF }
    | MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism
    | DATA_COMPRESSION = { NONE | ROW | PAGE} }
}

PostgreSQL

От ръководството за PostgreSQL 9.5:

ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
    action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
    RENAME [ COLUMN ] column_name TO new_column_name
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] [ ONLY ] name [ * ]
    RENAME CONSTRAINT constraint_name TO new_constraint_name
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] name
    RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] name
    SET SCHEMA new_schema
ALTER TABLE ALL IN TABLESPACE name [ OWNED BY role_name [, ... ] ]
    SET TABLESPACE new_tablespace [ NOWAIT ]

where action is one of:

    ADD [ COLUMN ] column_name data_type [ COLLATE collation ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
    DROP [ COLUMN ] [ IF EXISTS ] column_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name [ SET DATA ] TYPE data_type [ COLLATE collation ] [ USING expression ]
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET DEFAULT expression
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name DROP DEFAULT
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET STATISTICS integer
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET ( attribute_option = value [, ... ] )
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name RESET ( attribute_option [, ... ] )
    ALTER [ COLUMN ] column_name SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
    ADD table_constraint [ NOT VALID ]
    ADD table_constraint_using_index
    ALTER CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]
    VALIDATE CONSTRAINT constraint_name
    DROP CONSTRAINT [ IF EXISTS ]  constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
    DISABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]
    ENABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]
    ENABLE REPLICA TRIGGER trigger_name
    ENABLE ALWAYS TRIGGER trigger_name
    DISABLE RULE rewrite_rule_name
    ENABLE RULE rewrite_rule_name
    ENABLE REPLICA RULE rewrite_rule_name
    ENABLE ALWAYS RULE rewrite_rule_name
    DISABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
    ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
    FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
    NO FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY
    CLUSTER ON index_name
    SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
    SET WITH OIDS
    SET WITHOUT OIDS
    SET TABLESPACE new_tablespace
    SET { LOGGED | UNLOGGED }
    SET ( storage_parameter = value [, ... ] )
    RESET ( storage_parameter [, ... ] )
    INHERIT parent_table
    NO INHERIT parent_table
    OF type_name
    NOT OF
    OWNER TO { new_owner | CURRENT_USER | SESSION_USER }
    REPLICA IDENTITY { DEFAULT | USING INDEX index_name | FULL | NOTHING }

and table_constraint_using_index is:

    [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
    { UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY } USING INDEX index_name
    [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

База данни на Oracle

От Oracle Database Online Documentation 12c Издание 1 (12.1):

ALTER TABLE [ schema. ] table
  [ alter_table_properties
  | column_clauses
  | constraint_clauses
  | alter_table_partitioning
  | alter_external_table
  | move_table_clause
  | modify_opaque_type
  ]
  [ enable_disable_clause
  | { ENABLE | DISABLE } { TABLE LOCK | ALL TRIGGERS }
  ] ...
  ;

Следното очертава подробностите за различните опции.

alter_table_properties::=

{ { { physical_attributes_clause
    | logging_clause
    | table_compression
    | inmemory_alter_table_clause
    | ilm_clause
    | supplemental_table_logging
    | allocate_extent_clause
    | deallocate_unused_clause
    | { CACHE | NOCACHE }
    | RESULT_CACHE ( MODE {DEFAULT | FORCE} )
    | upgrade_table_clause
    | records_per_block_clause
    | parallel_clause
    | row_movement_clause
    | flashback_archive_clause
    }...
  | RENAME TO new_table_name
  } [ alter_iot_clauses ] [ alter_XMLSchema_clause ]
| { shrink_clause 
  | READ ONLY
  | READ WRITE 
  | REKEY encryption_spec 
  | [NO] ROW ARCHIVAL
  | ADD attribute_clustering_clause
  | MODIFY CLUSTERING [ clustering_when ] [ zonemap_clause ]
  | DROP CLUSTERING
  }
}

клаузи_колона::=

{ { add_column_clause
  | modify_column_clauses
  | drop_column_clause
  | add_period_clause
  | drop_period_clause
  }...
| rename_column_clause
| { modify_collection_retrieval }...
| { modify_LOB_storage_clause }...
| { alter_varray_col_properties }...
}

ограничителни_клаузи::=

{ ADD { { out_of_line_constraint }...
      | out_of_line_REF_constraint
      }
| MODIFY { CONSTRAINT constraint_name
         | PRIMARY KEY
         | UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
         } constraint_state [ CASCADE ]
| RENAME CONSTRAINT old_name TO new_name
| { drop_constraint_clause }...
}

alter_table_partitioning ::=

{ modify_table_default_attrs
| alter_interval_partitioning
| set_subpartition_template
| modify_table_partition
| modify_table_subpartition
| move_table_partition
| move_table_subpartition
| add_table_partition
| coalesce_table_partition
| drop_table_partition
| drop_table_subpartition
| rename_partition_subpart
| truncate_partition_subpart
| split_table_partition
| split_table_subpartition
| merge_table_partitions
| merge_table_subpartitions
| exchange_partition_subpart
}

alter_external_table ::=

{ add_column_clause
| modify_column_clauses
| drop_column_clause
| parallel_clause
| external_data_properties
| REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
| PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
}
  [ add_column_clause
  | modify_column_clauses
  | drop_column_clause
  | parallel_clause
  | external_data_properties
  | REJECT LIMIT { integer | UNLIMITED }
  | PROJECT COLUMN { ALL | REFERENCED }
  ]...

клауза_за_таблица за преместване ::=

MOVE [ ONLINE ]
   [ segment_attributes_clause ]
   [ table_compression ]
   [ index_org_table_clause ]
   [ { LOB_storage_clause | varray_col_properties }... ]
   [ parallel_clause ]
   [ allow_disallow_clustering ]

modify_opaque_type::=

MODIFY OPAQUE TYPE anydata_column
STORE ( type_name [, type_name ]... ) UNPACKED

enable_disable_clause::=

{ ENABLE | DISABLE }
[ VALIDATE | NOVALIDATE ]
{ UNIQUE (column [, column ]...)
| PRIMARY KEY
| CONSTRAINT constraint_name
}
[ using_index_clause ]
[ exceptions_clause ]
[ CASCADE ]
[ { KEEP | DROP } INDEX ]

За подробности относно различните подклаузи на компонентите вижте официалната документация на Oracle.

Използване на GUI

Промяната на таблиците може да се извърши и чрез GUI във всяка от системите за управление на бази данни или чрез използване на някой от инструментите на GUI, налични за използване с този продукт.

Например MySQL Workbench може да се използва с MySQL.